1. Cajin tulin na'urori ne na ƙarin makamashi don sabbin motocin makamashi, kuma akwai bambance-bambancen ci gaba a cikin gida da waje
1.1.Tarin caji shine na'urar ƙarin makamashi don sabbin motocin makamashi
Tarin cajin na'ura ce don sabbin motocin makamashi don ƙara ƙarfin lantarki.Shi ne ga sababbin motocin makamashi abin da tashar gas ke da shi don samar da motocin.Tsarin tsari da yanayin amfani na tulin caji sun fi sassauƙa fiye da tashoshin mai, kuma nau'ikan ma sun fi yawa.Dangane da nau'in shigarwa, ana iya raba shi zuwa bangon cajin cajin da aka ɗora, cajin cajin tsaye, cajin cajin wayar hannu, da dai sauransu, waɗanda suka dace da nau'ikan rukunin yanar gizon daban-daban;
Dangane da rarrabuwar yanayin yanayin amfani, ana iya raba shi zuwa tarin cajin jama'a, tarin caji na musamman, tarin caji masu zaman kansu, da sauransu. kamfani tara, yayin da ake shigar da tarin caji masu zaman kansu a cikin tarin caji masu zaman kansu.Wuraren ajiye motoci, ba a buɗe ga jama'a ba;
Dangane da rarrabuwa na saurin caji (ikon caji), ana iya raba shi zuwa tarin caji mai sauri da jinkirin caji;bisa ga rarrabuwa na fasahar caji, ana iya raba shi zuwa tarin cajin DC da tarin cajin AC.Gabaɗaya magana, tarin cajin DC suna da ƙarfin caji da sauri sauri, yayin da cajin AC yana cajin hankali.
A cikin Amurka, ana rarraba takin caji zuwa matakai daban-daban gwargwadon iko, daga cikinsu Level 1 daMataki na 2yawanci AC charging piles ne, wanda ya dace da kusan dukkanin sabbin motocin makamashi, yayin da cajin gaggawar gaggawa bai dace da duk sabbin motocin makamashi ba, kuma ana samun nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan mu'amala kamar J1772, CHAdeMO, Tesla, da sauransu.
A halin yanzu, babu cikakkiyar ma'aunin mu'amalar caji a duniya.Babban ka'idojin mu'amala sun hada da GB/T na kasar Sin, CHAOmedo na Japan, IEC 62196 na Tarayyar Turai, SAE J1772 na Amurka, da IEC 62196.
1.2.Haɓakar sabbin motocin makamashi da taimakon manufofin ke haifar da ci gaba mai dorewa na cajin tulin kuɗi a cikin ƙasata
Sabbin masana'antar motocin makamashi na kasata na bunkasa cikin sauri.Sabbin motocin makamashi na kasata na ci gaba da bunkasa, musamman tun daga shekarar 2020, yawan shigar sabbin motocin makamashi ya karu cikin sauri, kuma a shekarar 2022 yawan shigar sabbin motocin makamashi ya zarce kashi 25%.Haka kuma adadin sabbin motocin makamashin zai ci gaba da karuwa.Dangane da kididdigar Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Jama'a, yawan sabbin motocin makamashi zuwa jimillar motocin a cikin 2022 zai kai 4.1%.
Jihar ta fitar da tsare-tsare da dama don tallafawa ci gaban masana’antar caja.Tallace-tallace da mallakar sabbin motocin makamashi a cikin ƙasata na ci gaba da haɓaka, kuma daidai da haka, buƙatar wuraren caji na ci gaba da faɗaɗa.Dangane da haka, jihohi da sassan kananan hukumomin da abin ya shafa sun fitar da manufofi da yawa don inganta ci gaban masana'antar caji, gami da tallafin siyasa da jagora, tallafin kuɗi, da burin gini.
Tare da ci gaba da haɓaka sabbin motocin makamashi da haɓaka manufofin, adadin cajin tudu a cikin ƙasata na ci gaba da haɓaka.Tun daga watan Afrilun 2023, adadin cajin tuli a cikin ƙasata miliyan 6.092 ne.Daga cikin su, adadin yawan cajin jama'a ya karu da kashi 52% a duk shekara zuwa raka'a miliyan 2.025, wanda cajin DC ya kai 42% kumaAC tulun cajiya kai kashi 58%.Tunda tulin caji masu zaman kansu yawanci ana haɗa su da ababen hawa, haɓakar mallakar mallakar ya ma fi girma.Mai sauri, tare da karuwar shekara-shekara na 104% zuwa raka'a miliyan 4.067.
Matsakaicin abin hawa zuwa tara a cikin ƙasata shine 2.5:1, wanda rabon abin hawa zuwa-tari shine 7.3:1.Matsakaicin abin hawa-zuwa-tari, wato, rabon sabbin motocin makamashi zuwa takin caji.Ta fuskar kididdigar kayayyaki, nan da karshen shekarar 2022, adadin motocin da ke da tarin yawa a cikin kasata zai kasance 2.5: 1, kuma yanayin gaba daya yana raguwa sannu a hankali, wato, ana ci gaba da inganta wuraren cajin sabbin motocin makamashi.Daga cikin su, adadin motocin jama'a da tulun motoci ya kai 7.3: 1, wanda sannu a hankali ya karu tun daga karshen shekarar 2020. Dalili kuwa shi ne yadda siyar da sabbin motocin makamashi ya karu cikin sauri kuma karuwar ta zarce ci gaban da ake samu na cajin jama'a. tara;rabon motocin masu zaman kansu zuwa tarawa shine 3.8:1, yana nuna raguwa a hankali.Halin ya samo asali ne saboda dalilai kamar inganta ingantaccen manufofin ƙasa don haɓaka ginin tulin caji masu zaman kansu a cikin al'ummomin mazauna.
Dangane da raguwar tarin cajin jama'a, adadin tarin jama'a na DC: adadin tarin jama'a na AC ≈ 4: 6, don haka rabon tarin tarin jama'a na DC kusan 17.2: 1, wanda ya fi yawan adadin AC na jama'a. 12.6:1.
Matsakaicin karuwar abin hawa-zuwa-tari yana nuna yanayin haɓakawa sannu a hankali gabaɗaya.Ta fuskar karuwa, tunda sabbin tulin cajin da ake samu a kowane wata, musamman sabbin tulin cajin jama’a, ba su da alaka da sayar da sabbin motoci masu amfani da makamashi, suna da hauhawar farashi mai yawa kuma suna haifar da canji a cikin adadin sabbin abubuwan hawa na wata-wata.Don haka, ana amfani da ma'aunin kwata-kwata don ƙididdige ƙimar haɓakar abin hawa-zuwa-tari, wato, adadin tallace-tallacen sabbin motocin makamashi da aka ƙara: adadin sabbin tulin cajin da aka ƙara.A cikin 2023Q1, sabon ƙarar mota-zuwa-tari shine 2.5:1, yana nuna yanayin ƙasa a hankali gabaɗaya.Daga cikin su, sabon rabon mota-zuwa-tari na jama'a shine 9.8:1, kuma sabuwar ƙarar mota mai zaman kanta da aka ƙara shine 3.4: 1, wanda kuma ya nuna babban ci gaba.Trend.
1.3.Gina wuraren caji na ƙasashen waje ba cikakke ba ne, kuma yuwuwar haɓaka yana da yawa
1.3.1.Turai: Ci gaban sabon makamashi ya bambanta, amma akwai gibi a cikin cajin tudu
Sabbin motocin makamashi a Turai suna haɓaka cikin sauri kuma suna da ƙimar shiga mai girma.Turai na ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da ke ba da mahimmanci ga kare muhalli a duniya.Ta hanyar manufofi da ka'idoji, masana'antar sabbin motocin lantarki na Turai suna haɓaka cikin sauri kuma adadin shigar sabbin makamashi yana da yawa.Ya kai kashi 21.2%.
Adadin abin hawa zuwa tara a Turai yana da yawa, kuma akwai babban gibi a wuraren caji.Dangane da kididdigar IEA, rabon tulin motocin jama'a a Turai zai kasance kusan 14.4:1 a cikin 2022, wanda tarin cajin jama'a da sauri zai kai kashi 13%.Ko da yake sabuwar kasuwar motocin makamashi ta Turai tana haɓaka cikin sauri, gina wuraren cajin da suka dace ya kasance baya baya, kuma akwai matsaloli kamar ƙananan wuraren caji da saurin caji.
Haɓaka sabon makamashi bai yi daidai ba a tsakanin ƙasashen Turai, kuma rabon motocin jama'a da tulin ma ya bambanta.Dangane da rabe-rabe, Norway da Sweden suna da mafi girman adadin shigar sabbin makamashi, wanda ya kai 73.5% da 49.1% a cikin 2022, kuma rabon motocin jama'a zuwa tara a cikin ƙasashen biyu shima ya fi matsakaicin Turai, ya kai 32.8: 1 da 25.0 bi da bi: 1.
Jamus, Ingila, da Faransa su ne ƙasashen da suka fi sayar da motoci a Turai, kuma yawan shigar sabbin makamashi ma ya yi yawa.A cikin 2022, sabon adadin shigar makamashi a Jamus, Burtaniya, da Faransa zai kai 28.2%, 20.3%, da 17.3%, bi da bi, kuma yawan abin hawa na jama'a zai kasance 24.5:1, 18.8:1, da 11.8 :1, bi da bi.
Dangane da manufofi, Tarayyar Turai da kasashen Turai da dama sun yi nasarar bullo da tsare-tsare masu karfafa gwiwa ko kuma biyan kudaden tallafin da suka shafi gina wuraren caji don kara bunkasa wuraren caji.
1.3.2.Amurka: Ana buƙatar haɓaka wuraren caji cikin gaggawa, kuma gwamnati da kamfanoni suna aiki tare
A matsayinta na daya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin motoci a duniya, Amurka ta samu ci gaba a hankali a fannin samar da makamashi fiye da Sin da Turai.A cikin 2022, siyar da sabbin motocin makamashi zai wuce miliyan 1, tare da adadin shigar da kusan kashi 7.0%.
A sa'i daya kuma, bunkasuwar kasuwannin cajin jama'a a Amurka shi ma yana tafiyar hawainiya, kuma wuraren cajin jama'a ba su cika ba.A cikin 2022, rabon motocin jama'a zuwa tara a cikin Amurka zai zama 23.1: 1, wanda tarin cajin jama'a zai kai kashi 21.9%.
Amurka da wasu jihohi sun kuma ba da shawarar manufofin kara kuzari don cajin wuraren, ciki har da aikin da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi na gina tulin caji 500,000 da ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 7.5.Jimlar da ake samu ga jihohi a ƙarƙashin shirin NEVI shine dala miliyan 615 a FY 2022 da dala miliyan 885 a cikin FY 2023. Yana da kyau a lura cewa cajin tulin da ke shiga cikin aikin na gwamnatin tarayyar Amurka dole ne a kera shi a cikin Amurka (ciki har da ayyukan masana'antu). kamar gidaje da taro), kuma zuwa Yuli 2024, aƙalla kashi 55% na duk farashin kayan aikin suna buƙatar fitowa daga Amurka.
Baya ga manufofin karfafawa, kamfanonin caji da kamfanonin mota sun kuma himmatu wajen inganta aikin gina wuraren caji, ciki har da bude Tesla na wani bangare na cajin hanyar sadarwa, da ChargePoint, BP da sauran kamfanonin motoci da ke ba da hadin gwiwa don turawa da gina tari.
Yawancin kamfanoni masu caji a duniya suna kuma saka hannun jari sosai a Amurka don kafa sabbin hedkwata, wurare ko layukan samarwa don samar da tarin caji a Amurka.
2. Tare da haɓaka ci gaban masana'antu, kasuwar tazarar caji ta ketare ta fi sauƙi
2.1.Shamakin masana'antu yana cikin tsarin caji, kuma shingen zuwa ƙasashen waje yana cikin daidaitaccen takaddun shaida.
2.1.1.Turi na AC yana da ƙananan shinge, kuma ginshiƙi na tari na DC shine tsarin caji
Matsalolin masana'anta na tarin cajin AC ba su da ƙarfi, kuma tsarin caji a cikiDC na caji tarashine babban bangaren.Daga ma'anar ka'idar aiki da tsarin abun da ke ciki, canjin AC / DC na sababbin motocin makamashi yana samuwa ta hanyar caja a cikin motar a lokacin cajin AC, don haka tsarin cajin AC yana da sauƙi kuma farashin yana da ƙasa. .A cikin cajin DC, tsarin jujjuyawar daga AC zuwa DC yana buƙatar kammalawa a cikin tarin caji, don haka yana buƙatar aiwatar da tsarin caji.Tsarin caji yana rinjayar kwanciyar hankali na kewaye, aiki da amincin duk tari.Shi ne ainihin abin da ke cikin tarin cajin DC kuma ɗayan abubuwan da ke da mafi girman shingen fasaha.Masu samar da kayan caji sun haɗa da Huawei, Infy Power, Sinexcel, da sauransu.
2.1.2.Wuce takaddun shaida na ƙasashen waje sharadi ne da ya zama dole don kasuwancin ƙasashen waje
Akwai shingen takaddun shaida a kasuwannin ketare.China, Turai, da Amurka sun ba da ƙa'idodin takaddun shaida masu dacewa don cajin tudu, kuma ƙaddamar da takaddun shaida abu ne da ake buƙata don shiga kasuwa.Ma'auni na takaddun shaida na kasar Sin sun hada da CQC, da dai sauransu, amma babu wani ma'aunin takaddun shaida na tilas a yanzu.Matsayin takaddun shaida a Amurka sun haɗa da UL, FCC, Energy Star, da dai sauransu. Ma'auni na takaddun shaida a cikin Tarayyar Turai sune takaddun shaida na CE, kuma wasu ƙasashen Turai sun ba da shawarar ƙa'idodin takaddun shaida.Gabaɗaya, wahalar ƙa'idodin takaddun shaida shine Amurka> Turai> China.
2.2.Na gida: Babban taro na ƙarshen aiki, gasa mai zafi a cikin haɗin haɗin tari, da ci gaba da haɓaka sararin samaniya
Matsakaicin yawan masu yin cajin tari na cikin gida yana da girma sosai, kuma akwai masu fafatawa da yawa a cikin haɗin haɗin cajin gabaɗaya, kuma shimfidar wuri ta warwatse.Ta fuskar masu yin caji, Waya da Xingxing Cajin suna kusan kusan kashi 40% na kasuwar cajin jama'a, kuma adadin kasuwa yana da girma, CR5 = 69.1%, CR10 = 86.9%, wanda jama'a DC tari kasuwa CR5. =80.7%, Kasuwar sadarwar jama'a CR5=65.8%.Kallon kasuwar daga kasa zuwa saman, masu aiki daban-daban sun kuma kirkirar samfura daban-daban, kamar suna caji na hannu da kuma tsarin masana'antu, kuma akwai kuma duka masana'antar masana'antu, kuma akwai kuma duka masana'antar masana'antu, kuma akwai kuma duk tsarin masana'antu, kuma akwai kuma duka masana'antar masana'antu, kuma akwai kuma duka masana'antar masana'antu, kuma akwai kuma duka masana'antar masana'antu, kuma akwai kuma duka masana'antar masana'antu, kuma akwai kuma duka masana'antar masana'antu, kuma akwai kuma duka masana'antar masana'antu, kuma akwai kuma duka masana'antu Cajin Xiaoju, Cajin gaggawa na Cloud, da sauransu waɗanda ke ɗaukar haske Samfurin kadara yana ba da mafita ta tashar caji na ɓangare na uku don ɗaukacin masana'anta ko ma'aikata.Akwai da yawa masana'antun na dukan tara a kasar Sin.Sai dai samfuran haɗin kai a tsaye kamar Waya da Cajin Tauraro, duk tsarin tarin ya tarwatse.
Ana sa ran adadin cajin jama'a a cikin ƙasata zai kai miliyan 7.6 nan da shekarar 2030. Idan aka yi la'akari da bunƙasa sabbin masana'antar motocin makamashi na ƙasata da tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare na ƙasa, larduna da birane, an ƙiyasta cewa nan da 2025 da 2030. Adadin tarin cajin jama'a a kasar Sin zai kai miliyan 4.4 da miliyan 7.6 bi da bi, da 2022-2025E da 2025E CAGR na -2030E shine 35.7% da 11.6% bi da bi.A lokaci guda kuma, adadin kuɗin jama'a na cajin jama'a a cikin tarin jama'a shima zai ƙaru sannu a hankali.An kiyasta cewa nan da shekarar 2030, kashi 47.4% na tarin cajin jama'a za su kasance masu saurin caje tari, da kara inganta kwarewar mai amfani.
2.3.Turai: Gine-ginen tulin caji yana ƙaruwa, kuma adadin adadin cajin sauri yana ƙaruwa.
Ɗaukar Burtaniya a matsayin misali, yawan kuɗin da ake samu a kasuwa na masu yin caji bai kai na China ba.A matsayinta na daya daga cikin manyan sabbin kasashe masu amfani da makamashi a Turai, adadin cajin jama'a a Burtaniya zai kai kashi 9.9 cikin 100 a shekarar 2022. Daga mahangar kasuwar hada-hadar caji ta Biritaniya, yawan hada-hadar kasuwanni ya yi kasa da na kasuwar Sinawa. .A cikin kasuwannin cajin jama'a, yanki, Pod Point, bp pulse, da sauransu suna da babban rabon kasuwa, CR5=45.3%.Cajin gaggawa na jama'a da tarin caji mai sauri Daga cikin su, InstaVolt, bp pulse, da Tesla Supercharger (ciki har da budewa da takamaiman Tesla) sun kai sama da 10%, da CR5=52.7%.A dukkan bangarorin masana'antu, manyan 'yan kasuwa sun hada da ABB, Siemens, Schneider da sauran manyan masana'antu a fannin samar da wutar lantarki, da kuma kamfanonin makamashi da ke fahimtar tsarin masana'antar caji ta hanyar saye.Misali, BP ya sami daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin cajin motocin lantarki a Burtaniya a cikin 2018. 1. Chargemaster da Shell sun sami aikin gona da sauransu a cikin 2021 (BP da Shell dukkansu manyan masana'antar mai ne).
A shekara ta 2030, ana sa ran adadin cajin jama'a a Turai zai kai miliyan 2.38, kuma adadin tulin cajin gaggawa zai ci gaba da karuwa.Dangane da kimantawa, nan da shekarar 2025 da 2030, adadin tarin tarin jama'a a Turai zai kai miliyan 1.2 da miliyan 2.38 bi da bi, kuma CAGR na 2022-2025E da 2025E-2030E zai zama 32.8% da 14.7% bi da bi.zai mamaye, amma kuma yawan adadin cajin jama'a yana karuwa.An kiyasta cewa nan da shekarar 2030, kashi 20.2% na tarin cajin jama'a za su kasance masu saurin caji.
2.4.Amurka: sararin kasuwa ya fi sassauƙa, kuma samfuran gida a halin yanzu sun mamaye
Adadin kasuwancin hanyar sadarwa na caji a Amurka ya fi na China da Turai girma, kuma samfuran gida sun mamaye.Daga ra'ayi na adadin shafukan yanar gizo na caji, ChargePoint ya mamaye matsayi na gaba tare da kashi 54.9%, sannan Tesla tare da 10.9% (ciki har da Level 2 da DC Fast), sannan Blink da SemaCharge, wadanda kuma kamfanonin Amurka ne.Daga yanayin adadin cajin tashar jiragen ruwa na EVSE, ChargePoint har yanzu yana da girma fiye da sauran kamfanoni, yana lissafin 39.3%, sannan Tesla, yana lissafin 23.2% (ciki har da Level 2 da DC Fast), biye da yawancin kamfanonin Amurka.
A shekara ta 2030, ana sa ran adadin tarin cajin jama'a a Amurka zai kai miliyan 1.38, kuma adadin tulin cajin gaggawa zai ci gaba da inganta.Dangane da kiyasi, ta 2025 da 2030, adadin yawan cajin jama'a a Amurka zai kai 550,000 da miliyan 1.38 bi da bi, kuma CAGR na 2022-2025E da 2025E-2030E zai zama 62.6% da 20.2% bi da bi.Hakazalika da halin da ake ciki a Turai, Slow caji tarawa har yanzu mamaye mafi rinjaye, amma rabo daga cikin sauri caje tara zai ci gaba da inganta.An kiyasta cewa nan da shekarar 2030, kashi 27.5% na tarin cajin jama'a za su kasance masu saurin caji.
2.5.Lissafin Sararin Kasuwa
Dangane da binciken da aka yi a sama na masana'antar cajin jama'a a China, Turai, da Amurka, ana tsammanin adadin tarin cajin jama'a zai yi girma a CAGR a cikin lokacin 2022-2025E, da adadin sabbin tarin cajin. kara da cewa kowace shekara za a samu ta hanyar rage adadin hannun jari.Dangane da farashin naúrar samfur, ana siyar da tankunan jinkirin caji na cikin gida akan yuan 2,000-4,000/saiti, kuma farashin ƙasashen waje sun kasance dala 300-600/saiti (wato, 2,100-4,300 yuan/set).Farashin 120kW na cikin gida mai saurin caja shine yuan 50,000-70,000, yayin da farashin 50-350kW na waje mai saurin caji zai iya kaiwa dala 30,000-150,000 dala 30,000 kuma farashin 120kW mai sauri ya kai kusan 50000. -60,000 daloli / saita.An yi kiyasin cewa nan da shekarar 2025, jimillar kudaden da ake cajin jama'a a kasuwannin Sin, Turai, da Amurka zai kai yuan biliyan 71.06.
3. Binciken manyan kamfanoni
Kamfanoni na ketare a cikin masana'antar caji sun haɗa da ChargePoint, EVBox, Blink, BP Pulse, Shell, ABB, Siemens, da sauransu. Kamfanonin cikin gida sun haɗa da Autel, Sinexcel,CHINAEVSE, TGOOD, Gresgying, da dai sauransu. A cikin su, kamfanoni masu tarin yawa na cikin gida sun sami ɗan ci gaba wajen tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje.Misali, wasu samfuran CHINAEVSE sun sami takardar shedar UL, CSA,Energy Star a Amurka da CE, UKCA, takardar shedar MID a cikin Tarayyar Turai.CHINAEVSE sun shiga BP Jerin masu kaya da masana'antun caji.
Lokacin aikawa: Yuli-10-2023