1. Tubalan caji na'urori ne na ƙarin makamashi don sabbin motocin makamashi, kuma akwai bambance-bambance a cikin ci gaba a gida da waje
1.1. Tushen caji na'urar ƙara kuzari ce ga sabbin motocin makamashi
Tushen caji na'ura ce ta sabbin motocin makamashi don ƙara makamashin lantarki. Ga sabbin motocin makamashi, yadda tashar mai take amfani da man fetur ga motoci. Tsarin da yanayin amfani da tutocin caji sun fi sassauƙa fiye da tashoshin mai, kuma nau'ikan ma sun fi wadata. Dangane da fom ɗin shigarwa, ana iya raba shi zuwa tutocin caji da aka ɗora a bango, tutocin caji a tsaye, tutocin caji na hannu, da sauransu, waɗanda suka dace da nau'ikan wurare daban-daban;
Dangane da rarrabuwar yanayin amfani, ana iya raba shi zuwa tarin caji na jama'a, tarin caji na musamman, tarin caji na sirri, da sauransu. Tukunyar caji na jama'a suna ba da sabis na caji na jama'a ga jama'a, kuma tarin caji na musamman galibi suna hidimar cikin kamfanin tarin gini ne kawai, yayin da tukunyar caji na sirri ana sanya su a cikin tarin caji na sirri. Wuraren ajiye motoci, ba a buɗe su ga jama'a ba;
Dangane da rarrabuwar saurin caji (ƙarfin caji), ana iya raba shi zuwa tarin caji mai sauri da tarin caji mai jinkirin caji; bisa ga rarrabuwar fasahar caji, ana iya raba shi zuwa tarin caji na DC da tarin caji na AC. Gabaɗaya, tarin caji na DC suna da ƙarfin caji mafi girma da saurin caji mai sauri, yayin da tarin caji na AC ke caji a hankali.
A Amurka, galibi ana raba tarin caji zuwa matakai daban-daban dangane da wutar lantarki, daga cikinsu akwai Mataki na 1 daMataki na 2Yawanci tarin caji na AC ne, waɗanda suka dace da kusan dukkan sabbin motocin makamashi, yayin da caji mai sauri na ribar bai dace da duk sabbin motocin makamashi ba, kuma nau'ikan iri daban-daban an samo su ne bisa ga ƙa'idodin sadarwa daban-daban kamar J1772, CHAdeMO, Tesla, da sauransu.
A halin yanzu, babu wani tsari na haɗin caji gaba ɗaya a duniya. Manyan ƙa'idodin haɗin gwiwa sun haɗa da GB/T na China, CHAOmedo na Japan, IEC 62196 na Tarayyar Turai, SAE J1772 na Amurka, da IEC 62196.
1.2. Ci gaban sabbin motocin makamashi da taimakon manufofi suna haifar da ci gaba mai ɗorewa na tarin caji a ƙasata
Sabbin masana'antar motocin makamashi na ƙasata na ci gaba da bunƙasa cikin sauri. Sabbin motocin makamashi na ƙasata suna ci gaba da bunƙasa, musamman tun daga shekarar 2020, yawan shigar sabbin motocin makamashi ya ƙaru cikin sauri, kuma nan da shekarar 2022, yawan shigar sabbin motocin makamashi ya wuce kashi 25%. Adadin sabbin motocin makamashi shi ma zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A cewar kididdigar Ma'aikatar Tsaron Jama'a, adadin sabbin motocin makamashi da jimillar motocin lantarki a shekarar 2022 zai kai kashi 4.1%.
Jihar ta fitar da manufofi da dama don tallafawa ci gaban masana'antar tara ...
Tare da ci gaba da ƙaruwar sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi da kuma ƙarfafa manufofi, adadin tarin caji a ƙasata yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Ya zuwa watan Afrilun 2023, adadin tarin caji a ƙasata miliyan 6.092 ne. Daga cikinsu, adadin tarin caji na jama'a ya ƙaru da kashi 52% a shekara zuwa raka'a miliyan 2.025, wanda tarin caji na DC ya kai kashi 42% kumaTarin caji na ACya kai kashi 58%. Tunda galibi ana haɗa tarin caji na sirri da motoci, karuwar mallakar kayayyaki ta fi girma. Da sauri, tare da ƙaruwar shekara-shekara na kashi 104% zuwa raka'a miliyan 4.067.
Rabon ababen hawa zuwa tudun kaya a ƙasata shine 2.5:1, wanda rabon ababen hawa na jama'a zuwa tudun kaya shine 7.3:1. Rabon ababen hawa zuwa tudun kaya, wato rabon sabbin motocin makamashi zuwa tudun kaya. Daga mahangar kaya, nan da karshen shekarar 2022, rabon ababen hawa zuwa tudun kaya a ƙasata zai zama 2.5:1, kuma yanayin gabaɗaya yana raguwa a hankali, wato, ana ci gaba da inganta wuraren caji na sabbin motocin makamashi. Daga cikinsu, rabon motocin jama'a zuwa tudun kaya shine 7.3:1, wanda a hankali ya ƙaru tun ƙarshen shekarar 2020. Dalili kuwa shine cewa tallace-tallacen sabbin motocin makamashi sun ƙaru da sauri kuma ƙimar ci gaban ya wuce ci gaban ginin tudun kaya na jama'a; rabon ababen hawa masu zaman kansu zuwa tudun kaya shine 3.8:1, wanda ke nuna raguwa a hankali. Wannan yanayin ya samo asali ne daga dalilai kamar ingantaccen haɓaka manufofin ƙasa don haɓaka gina tudun kaya na masu zaman kansu a cikin al'ummomin zama.
Dangane da rugujewar tarin caji na jama'a, adadin tarin DC na jama'a: adadin tarin AC na jama'a ≈ 4:6, don haka rabon tarin DC na jama'a shine kusan 17.2:1, wanda ya fi rabon tarin AC na jama'a na 12.6:1.
Rabon da aka samu daga mota zuwa mota yana nuna ci gaban da aka samu a hankali a hankali gaba ɗaya. Daga mahangar ƙaruwa, tunda sabbin tarin caji na wata-wata, musamman sabbin tarin caji na jama'a, ba su da alaƙa da sayar da sabbin motocin makamashi, suna da manyan sauye-sauye kuma suna haifar da sauye-sauye a cikin rabon tarin sabbin motocin wata-wata. Saboda haka, kwata-kwata Ana amfani da ma'aunin don ƙididdige rabon ƙarin abin hawa-zuwa-taro, wato, yawan tallace-tallace na sabbin motocin makamashi da aka ƙara: adadin sabbin tarin caji da aka ƙara. A cikin 2023Q1, rabon sabon da aka ƙara daga mota zuwa mota shine 2.5:1, yana nuna yanayin raguwa a hankali gaba ɗaya. Daga cikinsu, sabon rabon mota-zuwa-taro na jama'a shine 9.8:1, kuma sabon rabon mota-zuwa-taro na sirri da aka ƙara shine 3.4:1, wanda kuma yana nuna babban ci gaba.
1.3. Gina wuraren caji na ƙasashen waje ba cikakke ba ne, kuma yuwuwar ci gaban yana da yawa.
1.3.1. Turai: Ci gaban sabon makamashi ya bambanta, amma akwai gibi a cikin tarin caji
Sabbin motocin makamashi a Turai suna tasowa cikin sauri kuma suna da yawan shigarsu. Turai tana ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi ba da muhimmanci ga kare muhalli a duniya. Saboda manufofi da ƙa'idoji, masana'antar sabbin motocin makamashi ta Turai tana haɓaka cikin sauri kuma ƙimar shigarsu ta sabbin makamashi tana da yawa. Ya kai kashi 21.2%.
Adadin motoci tsakanin motoci da sauran ababen hawa a Turai yana da yawa, kuma akwai babban gibi a wuraren caji. A cewar kididdigar IEA, rabon tarin motocin jama'a a Turai zai kasance kusan 14.4:1 a shekarar 2022, wanda tarin caji mai sauri na jama'a zai kai kashi 13% kawai. Duk da cewa kasuwar sabbin motocin makamashi ta Turai tana ci gaba da bunkasa cikin sauri, gina wuraren caji masu dacewa yana da koma baya, kuma akwai matsaloli kamar ƙarancin wuraren caji da saurin caji mai jinkirin.
Ci gaban sabbin makamashi ba daidai ba ne a tsakanin ƙasashen Turai, kuma rabon motocin gwamnati da tukwane shi ma ya bambanta. Dangane da ɓangaren ƙasa, Norway da Sweden suna da mafi girman adadin shigar sabbin makamashi, wanda ya kai kashi 73.5% da 49.1% bi da bi a shekarar 2022, kuma rabon motocin gwamnati da tukwane a ƙasashen biyu shi ma ya fi matsakaicin Turai, inda ya kai kashi 32.8:1 da 25.0 bi da bi: 1.
Jamus, Burtaniya, da Faransa su ne manyan ƙasashen da ke sayar da motoci a Turai, kuma yawan shigar sabbin makamashi shi ma yana da yawa. A shekarar 2022, sabbin shigar makamashi a Jamus, Burtaniya, da Faransa za su kai kashi 28.2%, 20.3%, da 17.3%, bi da bi, kuma rabon tarin ababen hawa na jama'a zai kasance kashi 24.5:1, 18.8:1, da 11.8:1, bi da bi.
Dangane da manufofi, Tarayyar Turai da ƙasashen Turai da yawa sun gabatar da manufofin ƙarfafa gwiwa ko manufofin tallafin caji da suka shafi gina wuraren caji don ƙarfafa ci gaban wuraren caji.
1.3.2. Amurka: Ana buƙatar a samar da kayan caji cikin gaggawa, kuma gwamnati da kamfanoni suna aiki tare
A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin motoci a duniya, Amurka ta samu ci gaba a fannin sabbin makamashi fiye da China da Turai. A shekarar 2022, tallace-tallacen sabbin motocin makamashi zai wuce miliyan 1, tare da ƙimar shiga da kusan kashi 7.0%.
A lokaci guda kuma, ci gaban kasuwar tara tara tara tara tara tara tara tara a Amurka shi ma yana da jinkiri, kuma wuraren cajin jama'a ba su kammala ba. A shekarar 2022, rabon motocin jama'a da tara tara tara a Amurka zai kasance 23.1:1, wanda tara ...
Amurka da wasu jihohi sun kuma gabatar da manufofin ƙarfafa gwiwa don wuraren caji, gami da wani aiki da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi na gina tarin caji 500,000 da jimillarsu ta kai dala biliyan 7.5. Jimillar da jihohi ke da shi a ƙarƙashin shirin NEVI shine dala miliyan 615 a cikin shekarar kuɗi ta 2022 da kuma dala miliyan 885 a shekarar kuɗi ta 2023. Ya kamata a lura cewa tarin caji da ke shiga cikin aikin gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka dole ne a ƙera su a Amurka (gami da hanyoyin masana'antu kamar gidaje da haɗa su), kuma nan da watan Yulin 2024, aƙalla kashi 55% na duk kuɗin kayan aikin dole ne su fito daga Amurka.
Baya ga ƙarfafa manufofi, kamfanonin tara kuɗi da kamfanonin motoci sun kuma ƙarfafa gina wuraren caji, ciki har da buɗe wani ɓangare na hanyar sadarwa ta caji ta Tesla, da kuma ChargePoint, BP da sauran kamfanonin motoci da ke haɗin gwiwa don tura da gina tara kuɗi.
Kamfanonin caji da yawa a faɗin duniya suna saka hannun jari sosai a Amurka don kafa sabbin hedikwatoci, wurare ko layukan samarwa don samar da caji a Amurka.
2. Tare da saurin ci gaban masana'antar, kasuwar tara kuɗin caji ta ƙasashen waje ta fi sassauƙa
2.1. Shingen da ke hana masana'antu yana cikin tsarin caji, kuma shingen da ke hana zuwa ƙasashen waje yana cikin takardar shaida ta yau da kullun.
2.1.1. Tushen AC yana da ƙananan shinge, kuma zuciyar tuƙin DC ita ce tsarin caji.
Shingen masana'antu na tarin caji na AC ba su da yawa, kuma tsarin caji yana cikinTarin caji na DCshine babban ɓangaren. Daga mahangar ƙa'idar aiki da tsarin haɗawa, ana samun canjin AC/DC na sabbin motocin makamashi ta hanyar caja da ke cikin motar yayin caji AC, don haka tsarin cajar AC yana da sauƙi kuma farashin yana da ƙasa. A cikin caji na DC, tsarin canzawa daga AC zuwa DC yana buƙatar kammalawa a cikin tarin caji, don haka yana buƙatar a aiwatar da shi ta hanyar module ɗin caji. Module ɗin caji yana shafar kwanciyar hankali na da'irar, aiki da amincin dukkan tarin. Ita ce babban ɓangaren tarin caji na DC kuma ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke da manyan shinge na fasaha. Masu samar da module ɗin caji sun haɗa da Huawei, Infy power, Sinexcel, da sauransu.
2.1.2. Cika takardar shaidar da aka amince da ita a ƙasashen waje sharaɗi ne mai mahimmanci ga harkokin kasuwanci a ƙasashen waje.
Akwai shingayen takaddun shaida a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje. China, Turai, da Amurka sun fitar da ƙa'idodin takaddun shaida masu dacewa don caji tukwane, kuma takardar shaidar wucewa ita ce sharadin shiga kasuwa. Ka'idojin takaddun shaida na China sun haɗa da CQC, da sauransu, amma babu wani ƙa'idar takaddun shaida na dole a yanzu. Ka'idojin takaddun shaida a Amurka sun haɗa da UL, FCC, Energy Star, da sauransu. Ka'idojin takaddun shaida a Tarayyar Turai galibi takaddun shaida ne na CE, kuma wasu ƙasashen Turai sun gabatar da nasu ƙa'idodin takaddun shaida. Gabaɗaya, wahalar ƙa'idodin takaddun shaida ita ce Amurka > Turai > China.
2.2. Na cikin gida: Babban yawan aiki, gasa mai zafi a cikin dukkan hanyoyin haɗin ginshiƙai, da ci gaba da haɓaka sararin samaniya
Yawan masu gudanar da ayyukan caji na cikin gida yana da yawa, kuma akwai masu fafatawa da yawa a cikin dukkan hanyoyin haɗin caji, kuma tsarin yana da ɗan bambanci. Daga mahangar masu gudanar da ayyukan caji, Cajin Waya da Xingxing sun kai kusan kashi 40% na kasuwar tarin caji na jama'a, kuma yawan kasuwa yana da yawa, CR5=69.1%, CR10=86.9%, wanda kasuwar tarin DC ta jama'a CR5=80.7%, Kasuwar tarin sadarwa ta jama'a CR5=65.8%. Idan aka duba dukkan kasuwar daga ƙasa zuwa sama, masu aiki daban-daban sun kuma samar da samfura daban-daban, kamar Waya, Cajin Xingxing, da sauransu, suna shimfida sarkar masana'antu sama da ƙasa, gami da dukkan tsarin masana'antu, kuma akwai kuma kamar Cajin Xiaoju, Cajin Sauri na Cloud, da sauransu waɗanda ke ɗaukar haske. Tsarin kadara yana ba da mafita na tashar caji na ɓangare na uku ga duk mai ƙera ko mai aiki da tarin. Akwai masana'antun tarin gaba ɗaya da yawa a China. Banda samfuran haɗin kai tsaye kamar Cajin Waya da Tauraro, tsarin tarin gaba ɗaya yana da ɗan bambanci.
Ana sa ran adadin tarin caji na jama'a a ƙasata zai kai miliyan 7.6 nan da shekarar 2030. Idan aka yi la'akari da ci gaban sabbin masana'antar kera motoci masu amfani da makamashi a ƙasata da kuma tsare-tsaren manufofin ƙasa, larduna da birane, an kiyasta cewa nan da shekarar 2025 da 2030, adadin tarin caji na jama'a a ƙasar Sin zai kai miliyan 4.4 da miliyan 7.6 bi da bi, da kuma 2022-2025E da 2025E. CAGR na -2030E shine kashi 35.7% da 11.6% bi da bi. A lokaci guda, adadin tarin caji na jama'a a cikin tarin jama'a zai ƙaru a hankali. An kiyasta cewa nan da shekarar 2030, kashi 47.4% na tarin caji na jama'a zai zama tarin caji mai sauri, wanda hakan zai ƙara inganta ƙwarewar mai amfani.
2.3. Turai: Gina tarin caji yana ƙaruwa, kuma yawan tarin caji mai sauri yana ƙaruwa
Idan aka ɗauki Birtaniya a matsayin misali, yawan masu sarrafa tukwane na caji a kasuwa ya yi ƙasa da na China. A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashen makamashi a Turai, adadin tukwane na caji a gwamnati a Burtaniya zai kai kashi 9.9% a shekarar 2022. Daga mahangar kasuwar tukwane na caji a Burtaniya, jimillar yawan kasuwa ya yi ƙasa da na kasuwar China. A kasuwar tukwane na caji a bainar jama'a, yawan jama'a, Pod Point, bp pulse, da sauransu suna da babban kaso na kasuwa, CR5=45.3%. Tukwane na caji a bainar jama'a da tukwane na caji a bainar jama'a masu sauri. Daga cikinsu, InstaVolt, bp pulse, da Tesla Supercharger (gami da waɗanda aka buɗe da waɗanda aka ƙayyade wa Tesla) sun kai sama da kashi 10%, kuma CR5=52.7%. A ɓangaren masana'antar tukwane, manyan 'yan kasuwa a kasuwa sun haɗa da ABB, Siemens, Schneider da sauran manyan masana'antu a fannin samar da wutar lantarki, da kuma kamfanonin makamashi waɗanda suka fahimci tsarin masana'antar tukwane na caji ta hanyar saye. Misali, BP ta sayi ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin caji na motocin lantarki a Burtaniya a shekarar 2018. 1. Chargemaster da Shell sun sami damar yin amfani da wutar lantarki da sauransu a shekarar 2021 (BP da Shell dukkansu manyan kamfanonin mai ne).
A shekarar 2030, ana sa ran adadin tarin caji na jama'a a Turai zai kai miliyan 2.38, kuma adadin tarin caji na gaggawa zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A cewar kiyasi, nan da shekarar 2025 da 2030, adadin tarin caji na jama'a a Turai zai kai miliyan 1.2 da miliyan 2.38 bi da bi, kuma CAGR na 2022-2025E da 2025E-2030E zai kasance kashi 32.8% da 14.7% bi da bi. zai mamaye, amma adadin tarin caji na jama'a yana ƙaruwa. An kiyasta cewa nan da shekarar 2030, kashi 20.2% na tarin caji na jama'a zai zama tarin caji na sauri.
2.4. Amurka: Kasuwar ta fi sassauƙa, kuma samfuran gida a halin yanzu sun mamaye kasuwa.
Yawan kasuwar caja wutar lantarki a Amurka ya fi na China da Turai, kuma kamfanonin gida sun mamaye. Daga mahangar adadin gidajen yanar gizo na caja wutar lantarki, ChargePoint tana kan gaba da kashi 54.9%, sai Tesla da kashi 10.9% (gami da Mataki na 2 da DC Fast), sai Blink da SemaCharge, waɗanda suma kamfanonin Amurka ne. Daga mahangar adadin tashoshin caji na EVSE, ChargePoint har yanzu ya fi sauran kamfanoni, wanda ya kai kashi 39.3%, sai Tesla, wanda ya kai kashi 23.2% (gami da Mataki na 2 da DC Fast), sai kuma galibin kamfanonin Amurka.
A shekarar 2030, ana sa ran adadin tarin caji na jama'a a Amurka zai kai miliyan 1.38, kuma adadin tarin caji na gaggawa zai ci gaba da inganta. A cewar kiyasi, nan da shekarar 2025 da 2030, adadin tarin caji na jama'a a Amurka zai kai miliyan 550,000 da miliyan 1.38 bi da bi, da kuma CAGR na 2022-2025E da 2025E-2030E zai kasance kashi 62.6% da 20.2%, bi da bi. Kamar yadda yake a Turai, tarin caji na jinkiri har yanzu suna mamaye mafi yawansu, amma adadin tarin caji na gaggawa zai ci gaba da inganta. An kiyasta cewa nan da shekarar 2030, kashi 27.5% na tarin caji na jama'a zai kasance tarin caji na sauri.
2.5. Lissafin Sararin Kasuwa
Bisa ga binciken da aka yi a sama game da masana'antar tara tara tara tara ta gwamnati a China, Turai, da Amurka, ana tsammanin adadin tara tara tara tara tara ta gwamnati zai karu a CAGR a lokacin 2022-2025E, kuma za a samu adadin sabbin tara tara tara tara ta caji a kowace shekara ta hanyar cire adadin ribar da aka samu. Dangane da farashin raka'a na samfura, tara tara tara ta cikin gida ana farashin su ne yuan 2,000-4,000 a kowace saiti, kuma farashin ƙasashen waje dala 300-600 a kowace saiti (wato, yuan 2,100-4,300 a kowace saiti). Farashin tarin kayan da ake caji cikin sauri na gida mai karfin 120kW shine yuan 50,000-70,000 a kowace saiti, yayin da farashin tarin kayan da ake caji cikin sauri na kasashen waje mai karfin 50-350kW zai iya kaiwa dala 30,000-150,000 a kowace saiti, kuma farashin tarin kayan da ake caji cikin sauri na 120kW ya kai kimanin dala 50,000-60,000 a kowace saiti. An kiyasta cewa nan da shekarar 2025, jimillar kasuwar tarin kayan da ake caji a bainar jama'a a China, Turai, da Amurka zai kai yuan biliyan 71.06.
3. Binciken manyan kamfanoni
Kamfanonin ƙasashen waje a fannin caji sun haɗa da ChargePoint, EVBox, Blink, BP Pulse, Shell, ABB, Siemens, da sauransu. Kamfanonin cikin gida sun haɗa da Autel, Sinexcel,CHINAEVSE, TGOOD, Gresgying, da sauransu. Daga cikinsu, kamfanonin tara kaya na cikin gida sun kuma sami ɗan ci gaba wajen zuwa ƙasashen waje. Misali, wasu samfuran CHINAEVSE sun sami takardar shaidar UL, CSA, Energy Star a Amurka da takardar shaidar CE, UKCA, MID a Tarayyar Turai. CHINAEVSE ta shiga cikin jerin masu samar da tara kaya da masana'antun tara kaya na BP.
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuli-10-2023